Introduction
Immunology tests play a pivotal role in understanding and diagnosing diseases that involve the immune system. From detecting autoimmune disorders to identifying infections, these tests are indispensable tools for clinicians. This article delves into the world of immunology tests, exploring their types, applications, and significance in modern medicine.
1 17- Hydroxy Progesterone
2 24 hrs. Urinary Cortisol
3 25-OH Vitamin D (Total, D2 & D3)
4 25-OH Vitamin D/Vit-D3
5 ACTH
6 AFP (Alpha Feto Protein)
7 Aldosterone
8 Allergy Panel
9 ANA Profile
10 ANA/ANF
11 ANF
12 Anti Acetylcholine (Ach) Receptor Antibody
13 Anti Centromere Antibody
14 Anti HAV IgG, IgM
15 Anti HBc IgM
16 Anti HBc Total
17 Anti HBe
18 Anti HBs
19 Anti HCV
20 Anti Leptospira IgG, IgM
21 Anti LKM-1 (Liver Kidney Microsomal Antibody-1)
22 Anti Measles Antibody
23 Anti Microsomal Ab
24 Anti Mitochondrial Antibody (AMA)
25 Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
26 Anti Mumps Antibody
27 Anti Phospholipid Ab
28 Anti RNP
29 Anti Smooth Muscle Antibody (ASMA)
30 Anti TB IgA, IgG, IgM
31 Anti Thyroglobulin (Anti TG)
32 Anti Thyroid Peroxidase (Anti TPO)
33 Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody
34 Anti-Cardiolipin IgG
35 Anti-Cardiolipin IgM
36 Anti-CCP Ab
37 Anti-Chlamydia Trachomatis IgG
38 Anti-ds DNA Ab
39 Anti-H Pylori IgG
40 Anti-HAV IgM
41 Anti-HEV IgM
42 Anti-La (SSB) Antibody
43 Anti-Ro (SSA) Antibody
44 Anti-Rubella IgG
45 Anti-Rubella IgM
46 Anti-Scl 70
47 Anti-smith (SM) Antibody
48 Anti-Thyroid Antibody (Anti TG, Anti TPO)
49 Auto Immuno Hepatitis Panel (ANA,AMA,ASMA,LKM)
50 Basal Cortisol
51 Beta HCG
52 BNP
53 C-ANCA
54 C-Peptide
55 C3
56 C4
57 CA-125
58 CA-15.3
59 CA-19.9
60 CALCITONIN
61 CEA
62 Chromosome Analysis / Karyotyping
63 Cortisol Evening (3.0 pm - 5.0 pm)
64 Cortisol Morning (7.0 am - 9.0 am)
65 COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG
66 COVID-19 Antigen (Rapid Test)
67 Cytomegalo Virus (CMV) IgG
68 Cytomegalo Virus (CMV) IgM
69 Dengue Antibody IgG
70 Dengue Antibody IgM
71 Dengue Antibody IgM IgG
72 Dengue NS1 Ag
73 DHEA-SULPHATE (DHEA SO4)
74 Digoxin Level
75 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
76 ENA
77 ENA Profile
78 Estradiol/Estrogen(E2)
79 Ferritin
80 Fluid for Anti TB IgA
81 Folic Acid (Folate)
82 Free Beta hCG
83 Free PSA
84 Free Testosterone
85 FSH
86 FT3
87 FT4
88 Growth Hormone
89 Growth Hormone Basal
90 H. Pylori Antibody
91 HBeAg
92 HBsAg
93 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) I & II IgG
94 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) I & II IgM
95 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) I IgG
96 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) I IgM
97 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) II IgG
98 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) II IgM
99 HIV Ab 1/2 (ELISA)
100 Homocysteine
101 IL-10
102 Insulin (Fasting)
103 Insulin (Random)
104 Kappa Free Light Chain
105 Kappa/Lambda FLC Ratio
106 LH
107 LH FSH Ratio
108 Lupus (SLE) Panel
109 NT Pro BNP
110 P-ANCA
111 PAPP-A
112 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
113 Plasma Protein Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)
114 Plasma Renin Aldosterone Ratio
115 Plasma Renin Level
116 PLGF (Placental Growth Factor)
117 PROCALCITONIN (PCT)
118 Progesterone
119 Prolactin
120 PSA Total, Free & Ratio
121 PTH (Research)
122 QuantiFERON-TB Gold
123 Serum IgA Level
124 Serum IgG Level
125 Serum IgM Level
126 Serum Vitamin B-12
127 Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG)
128 Short Synacthen Test
129 T3
130 T3, T4, TSH
131 T4
132 Testosterone
133 Thyroglobulin (TG)
134 Tissue Transglutaminase(tTG)
135 TORCH PANEL
136 Total IgE
137 Total PSA
138 Toxoplasma IgG
139 Toxoplasma IgM
140 Troponin-I
141 TSH
142 TSH Receptor Antibody(TRAB)
143 tTG (Tissue Transglutaminase) IgA
144 Urinary Cortisol
145 Vitamin A
146 Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
147 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
148 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
149 Vitamin C
150 Vitamin E
151 Vitamin K.
Understanding Immunology Tests
The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful pathogens. Immunology tests assess the components and functionality of this system, providing insights into its health and performance.
Types of Immunology Tests
Autoimmune Tests:
Detect antibodies that target the body's tissues.
Examples: Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA) test, Rheumatoid Factor (RF) test, and Anti-CCP (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide) antibody test.
Allergy Tests:
Identify allergens causing immune reactions.
Examples: Skin prick tests, ImmunoCAP tests for specific IgE antibodies.
Infection-related Tests:
Diagnose infections by detecting specific antibodies or antigens.
Examples: Anti-HIV antibody test, Hepatitis B surface antigen test, and Tuberculosis QuantiFERON-TB Gold test.
Immunodeficiency Tests:
Evaluate immune system deficiencies.
Examples: Serum immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, IgM), HIV RNA viral load.
Transplantation Immunology Tests:
Assess compatibility for organ or tissue transplants.
Examples: HLA typing, Crossmatch tests.
Tumor Immunology Tests:
Detect tumor markers and immune responses to cancers.
Examples: Beta-2 Microglobulin, Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP).
Applications of Immunology Tests
Immunology tests are employed across various domains of healthcare:
Autoimmune Diseases:
Diagnose and monitor diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.
Infectious Diseases:
Detect pathogens such as HIV, Hepatitis viruses, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Cancer Diagnostics:
Identify cancer biomarkers for early detection and prognosis.
Allergy Management:
Pinpoint allergens to guide treatment plans and preventive measures.
Transplant Medicine:
Ensure donor-recipient compatibility to reduce transplant rejection risks.
Therapeutic Monitoring:
Assess the efficacy of immunotherapies and monitor drug levels in autoimmune diseases.
Innovations in Immunology Testing
With advancements in biotechnology, immunology testing has witnessed significant innovations:
Flow Cytometry:
Enables detailed analysis of immune cells, including T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):
Widely used for detecting antibodies, antigens, and proteins.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):
Identifies genetic material of pathogens with high precision.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS):
Deciphers immune repertoire for personalized medicine.
Point-of-Care Testing (POCT):
Delivers rapid results at the bedside, enhancing patient care.
Challenges in Immunology Testing
Despite its significance, immunology testing faces challenges such as:
False Positives/Negatives:
Results may be influenced by technical errors or cross-reactivity.
Cost and Accessibility:
Advanced tests may not be affordable or available in resource-limited settings.
Complex Interpretation:
Results often require specialized expertise for accurate diagnosis.
Conclusion
Immunology tests are cornerstones of diagnostic medicine, offering a window into the immune system's functioning. As technology continues to evolve, these tests are becoming more precise, rapid, and accessible, paving the way for improved patient outcomes. By understanding the capabilities and limitations of immunology tests, clinicians can make informed decisions to enhance healthcare delivery.
